f you’re an international student enrolled in a STEM program (science, technology, engineering, or mathematics) in the U.S., you may be eligible for practical training opportunities during or after your studies — namely, CPT (Curricular Practical Training) and OPT (Optional Practical Training).

But what’s the difference between CPT and OPT? How do you apply, and what should you watch out for?

In this guide, we’ll break down how to navigate both programs, compare their pros and cons, and help you get the most out of your F-1 visa work authorization.

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What Is CPT for STEM Students?

Curricular Practical Training (CPT) allows F-1 international students to gain hands-on experience during their degree program through internships, co-ops, or practicums that are part of the academic curriculum.

CPT Key Points:

• Must be directly tied to your degree program
• Can be full-time or part-time
• Must be authorized by your Designated School Official (DSO)
• You’ll receive an updated Form I-20 with CPT approval
• Requires a job offer letter before applying
• Full-time CPT (12+ months) may make you ineligible for OPT
• Part-time CPT (20 hours/week or less) does not affect OPT eligibility

Tip: You can only begin CPT after completing one full academic year, unless your program requires it from the start.

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What Is OPT for STEM Students?

Optional Practical Training (OPT) is temporary employment that must be directly related to your STEM major. Unlike CPT, OPT can be completed before (pre-completion) or after (post-completion) graduation.

OPT Key Points:

• Available for 12 months after graduation
• May be extended by 24 months with the STEM OPT Extension
• Must be recommended by your DSO and approved by USCIS
• Requires a valid EAD (Employment Authorization Document) before starting work
• Employment does not need to be part of your academic curriculum

Note: You do not need a job offer to apply for OPT, but your employer must participate in E-Verify for STEM extensions.

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OPT vs. CPT for STEM Students: A Quick Comparison

Feature	OPT	CPT
When You Can Apply	Before or after graduation	Only while enrolled
Approval Authority	DSO + USCIS	DSO only
Job Offer Required	No	Yes
Tied to Curriculum?	No	Yes
Total Duration	Up to 36 months (12 + 24 STEM extension)	Varies; full-time CPT ≥12 months affects OPT
Processing Time	2–6 months	~2 weeks
Work Type	Must relate to STEM major	Must relate to curriculum for credit

How to Apply for CPT

1. Talk to your DSO about eligibility
2. Provide a job offer letter from a verified employer
3. Receive your I-20 with CPT authorization
4. You’re eligible to start working after DSO approval

Important: Apply well ahead of your planned internship start date. You can apply once you’ve completed at least one academic year.

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🧠 How to Apply for OPT

1. Request an OPT recommendation from your DSO
2. Receive a new Form I-20
3. File Form I-765 with USCIS and pay the fee
4. Wait for EAD card (2–6 weeks after approval)

OPT Timeline

• Apply up to 90 days before graduation
• No later than 60 days after program completion
• Must apply within 30 days of DSO’s recommendation

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STEM OPT Extension: How It Works

If you’ve completed a degree in a STEM field, you may be eligible for a 24-month extension on top of your 12-month OPT.

STEM OPT Extension Requirements:

• Must be employed in a STEM OPT-eligible job
• Employer must be enrolled in E-Verify
• Apply within 60 days of your DSO’s recommendation
• Submit application before your original OPT expires

See the DHS STEM Designated Degree Program List to check your eligibility.

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How to Make the Most of OPT/CPT Opportunities

1. Meet Your DSO Early

Don’t wait until the last minute to explore your options. Your DSO is your best guide for understanding requirements, timelines, and career strategy.

2. Network at Work

Treat your internship or job as a stepping stone. Ask questions, take on new responsibilities, and build connections with coworkers and mentors.

3. Track Visa Deadlines

Keep a record of:

• I-20 issuance dates
• OPT/CPT start and end dates
• EAD card processing status
• STEM extension eligibility windows

Consider using Google Calendar or Notion to manage immigration deadlines.

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🙋‍♀️ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Does CPT affect STEM OPT?

Yes. Completing 12 months or more of full-time CPT eliminates eligibility for OPT. Part-time CPT does not.

2. Can STEM students get 3 years of OPT?

Yes. You can receive 12 months of standard OPT, plus a 24-month STEM extension, for a total of 36 months.

3. What STEM fields are eligible for OPT?

Any program listed on the DHS STEM Designated Degree Program List qualifies. Popular fields include:

• Computer Science
• Data Analytics
• Engineering
• Biotech
• Environmental Science

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Final Thoughts: Make Your STEM Degree Work for You

OPT and CPT are powerful tools to gain practical, resume-worthy experience while studying in the U.S. As a STEM student, you can benefit from up to three years of career-building opportunities.

By understanding the rules and timelines, staying connected with your DSO, and planning early, you’ll make the most of your time and open doors to post-graduate employment or permanent residence.

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Helpful Resources

• STEM OPT Hub – DHS
• USCIS OPT Application Info
• StudySphere.io – Compare admissions, banking, internships, and housing for international students

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